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Chapter 27

Chapter 27 of Data Communications and Networking by Behrouz A. Forouzan focuses on the World Wide Web (WWW) and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Below are the detailed notes on this chapter:

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27.1 Architecture

  • Client (Browser): The web client, typically a browser, initiates communication by sending HTTP requests to a web server and displaying the server's responses.

  • Server: The web server responds to the client’s HTTP requests by providing web content, such as HTML documents.

  • Uniform Resource Locator (URL): This identifies the web page, including the protocol (HTTP), domain name, and resource path.

  • Cookies: Small pieces of data stored on the client side that allow the server to track the user’s interactions across sessions.

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27.2 Web Documents

  • Static Documents: Pre-stored files (like HTML) delivered to users exactly as stored. These files do not change unless manually edited.

  • Dynamic Documents: Generated by the server based on user input or other factors, often using server-side scripts.

  • Active Documents: Programs that run on the client side, such as Java applets or JavaScript, which can interact with users and modify the web page dynamically.

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27.3 HTTP

  • HTTP Transaction: The basic communication between a client and a server. The client sends a request, and the server replies with the requested resource.

  • Persistent vs Nonpersistent Connections: Persistent connections keep the communication line open for multiple HTTP requests/responses, reducing latency. Nonpersistent connections close after each request.

  • Proxy Server: Acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers, often used to improve performance or provide security.

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27.4 Key Terms

  • Cookies: Data sent by the server, stored on the client, and sent back in future requests to track user sessions.

  • URL: Uniform Resource Locator, the address used to access web resources.

  • Dynamic Documents: Web pages that are generated in real-time by the server, based on user interaction or other criteria.

This chapter provides an overview of the client-server model of the web, discussing how the web operates and how browsers and servers interact using HTTP. The chapter also explores the types of web documents and delves into the persistent and nonpersistent connections to optimize web traffic.

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